Pycnidia

Singular pycnidium

A reproductive structure superficially they look like perithecia often appearing a black spots, raised or not. However they can be very inconspicuous. From a technical perpsective they are defined as lacking spores contained in asci. Instead they have hundreds of free spores. These spores are then called conidia.

The black dots on Pseudevernia intensa are an easy to spot example of pycnidia. Eldorado Springs, CO.

I need to get a good photo to show pycnidia on Xanthomendoza, which threw me for a loop at first. They are little raised orange dots. One could be forgiven for thinking they are developing apothecia.